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 \�P�@sDdZddddddddd	d
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Basic statistics module.

This module provides functions for calculating statistics of data, including
averages, variance, and standard deviation.

Calculating averages
--------------------

==================  =============================================
Function            Description
==================  =============================================
mean                Arithmetic mean (average) of data.
harmonic_mean       Harmonic mean of data.
median              Median (middle value) of data.
median_low          Low median of data.
median_high         High median of data.
median_grouped      Median, or 50th percentile, of grouped data.
mode                Mode (most common value) of data.
==================  =============================================

Calculate the arithmetic mean ("the average") of data:

>>> mean([-1.0, 2.5, 3.25, 5.75])
2.625


Calculate the standard median of discrete data:

>>> median([2, 3, 4, 5])
3.5


Calculate the median, or 50th percentile, of data grouped into class intervals
centred on the data values provided. E.g. if your data points are rounded to
the nearest whole number:

>>> median_grouped([2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4])  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
2.8333333333...

This should be interpreted in this way: you have two data points in the class
interval 1.5-2.5, three data points in the class interval 2.5-3.5, and one in
the class interval 3.5-4.5. The median of these data points is 2.8333...


Calculating variability or spread
---------------------------------

==================  =============================================
Function            Description
==================  =============================================
pvariance           Population variance of data.
variance            Sample variance of data.
pstdev              Population standard deviation of data.
stdev               Sample standard deviation of data.
==================  =============================================

Calculate the standard deviation of sample data:

>>> stdev([2.5, 3.25, 5.5, 11.25, 11.75])  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
4.38961843444...

If you have previously calculated the mean, you can pass it as the optional
second argument to the four "spread" functions to avoid recalculating it:

>>> data = [1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6]
>>> mu = mean(data)
>>> pvariance(data, mu)
2.5


Exceptions
----------

A single exception is defined: StatisticsError is a subclass of ValueError.

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    Return a high-precision sum of the given numeric data as a fraction,
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    If optional argument ``start`` is given, it is added to the total.
    If ``data`` is empty, ``start`` (defaulting to 0) is returned.


    Examples
    --------

    >>> _sum([3, 2.25, 4.5, -0.5, 1.0], 0.75)
    (<class 'float'>, Fraction(11, 1), 5)

    Some sources of round-off error will be avoided:

    # Built-in sum returns zero.
    >>> _sum([1e50, 1, -1e50] * 1000)
    (<class 'float'>, Fraction(1000, 1), 3000)

    Fractions and Decimals are also supported:

    >>> from fractions import Fraction as F
    >>> _sum([F(2, 3), F(7, 5), F(1, 4), F(5, 6)])
    (<class 'fractions.Fraction'>, Fraction(63, 20), 4)

    >>> from decimal import Decimal as D
    >>> data = [D("0.1375"), D("0.2108"), D("0.3061"), D("0.0419")]
    >>> _sum(data)
    (<class 'decimal.Decimal'>, Fraction(6963, 10000), 4)

    Mixed types are currently treated as an error, except that int is
    allowed.
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rQcCsHt|�|krt|�}t|�}|dkr,td��t|�\}}}t|||�S)a�Return the sample arithmetic mean of data.

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    Fraction(13, 21)

    >>> from decimal import Decimal as D
    >>> mean([D("0.5"), D("0.75"), D("0.625"), D("0.375")])
    Decimal('0.5625')

    If ``data`` is empty, StatisticsError will be raised.
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r�dSXt|||�S)aReturn the harmonic mean of data.

    The harmonic mean, sometimes called the subcontrary mean, is the
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    and is often appropriate when averaging quantities which are rates
    or ratios, for example speeds. Example:

    Suppose an investor purchases an equal value of shares in each of
    three companies, with P/E (price/earning) ratios of 2.5, 3 and 10.
    What is the average P/E ratio for the investor's portfolio?

    >>> harmonic_mean([2.5, 3, 10])  # For an equal investment portfolio.
    3.6

    Using the arithmetic mean would give an average of about 5.167, which
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    If ``data`` is empty, or any element is less than zero,
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    When the number of data points is odd, return the middle data point.
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cCsLt|�}t|�}|dkr td��|ddkr8||dS||ddSdS)a	Return the low median of numeric data.

    When the number of data points is odd, the middle value is returned.
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    >>> median_low([1, 3, 5])
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    >>> median_low([1, 3, 5, 7])
    3

    r
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    5

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r�t|�t|�d}YnXt||�}t	|||�}|}||d}	|||d||	S)a�Return the 50th percentile (median) of grouped continuous data.

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    52.5

    This calculates the median as the 50th percentile, and should be
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    0.5-1.5, 1.5-2.5, 2.5-3.5, etc. The middle value falls somewhere in
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    Optional argument ``interval`` represents the class interval, and
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    >>> median_grouped([1, 3, 3, 5, 7], interval=1)
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cCsBt|�}t|�dkr |ddS|r6tdt|���ntd��dS)a�Return the most common data point from discrete or nominal data.

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    3

    This also works with nominal (non-numeric) data:

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    Nc3s|]}|�dVqdS)rVNr)rr1)�crrrsz_ss.<locals>.<genexpr>c3s|]}|�VqdS)Nr)rr1)r^rrrsrV)r
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    Use this function when your data is a sample from a population. To
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    Examples:

    >>> data = [2.75, 1.75, 1.25, 0.25, 0.5, 1.25, 3.5]
    >>> variance(data)
    1.3720238095238095

    If you have already calculated the mean of your data, you can pass it as
    the optional second argument ``xbar`` to avoid recalculating it:

    >>> m = mean(data)
    >>> variance(data, m)
    1.3720238095238095

    This function does not check that ``xbar`` is actually the mean of
    ``data``. Giving arbitrary values for ``xbar`` may lead to invalid or
    impossible results.

    Decimals and Fractions are supported:

    >>> from decimal import Decimal as D
    >>> variance([D("27.5"), D("30.25"), D("30.25"), D("34.5"), D("41.75")])
    Decimal('31.01875')

    >>> from fractions import Fraction as F
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    Fraction(67, 108)

    rVz*variance requires at least two data pointsr)rCrRrFrr`r@)r'�xbarrr*�ssrrrr"s&cCsHt|�|krt|�}t|�}|dkr,td��t||�\}}t|||�S)a�Return the population variance of ``data``.

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    Use this function to calculate the variance from the entire population.
    To estimate the variance from a sample, the ``variance`` function is
    usually a better choice.

    Examples:

    >>> data = [0.0, 0.25, 0.25, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.75, 3.25]
    >>> pvariance(data)
    1.25

    If you have already calculated the mean of the data, you can pass it as
    the optional second argument to avoid recalculating it:

    >>> mu = mean(data)
    >>> pvariance(data, mu)
    1.25

    This function does not check that ``mu`` is actually the mean of ``data``.
    Giving arbitrary values for ``mu`` may lead to invalid or impossible
    results.

    Decimals and Fractions are supported:

    >>> from decimal import Decimal as D
    >>> pvariance([D("27.5"), D("30.25"), D("30.25"), D("34.5"), D("41.75")])
    Decimal('24.815')

    >>> from fractions import Fraction as F
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    Fraction(13, 72)

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    0.986893273527251

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